I am an Assistant Professor of Biology at Kalamazoo College. I am broadly interested in bee ecology, population ecology, and understanding how bees interact with their environments in natural and managed ecosystems. I use a combination of landscape, field cage, and lab experiments to study these interactions at different scales.
I completed my Ph.D. in Ecology at the University of California, Davis in 2022, where I studied the effects of pesticide exposure and resource stress on wild bee fitness and behavior. As a USDA NIFA Postdoctoral Fellow at UC Riverside, I explored the impacts of climate change on solitary bee development and fitness.
Ph.D. in Ecology, 2022
University of California, Davis
B.A. in Environmental Studies, 2014
Earlham College
Impacts of pesticide exposure and resource scarcity on bees. Bees provide critical ecosystem services, but they face a range of stressors that threaten their populations. Disentangling the effects of these stressors is a primary challenge in understanding how to mitigate ongoing bee declines and develop practical solutions to ensure their persistence. I have conducted manipulative field experiments in flight cages to explore the individual and combined effects of pesticide and floral resource stressors on native bee reproduction and behavior. I am also interested in the potential for wildflower plantings to mitigate the negative effects of pesticide exposure in agricultural landscapes. Because stress can affect individuals and populations long after direct exposure, I have also explored the carryover effects of past pesticide exposure on bee reproduction and population growth rate. Ongoing projects include (1) determining when and where bees experience the greatest pesticide risks in agricultural landscapes, and (2) understanding the long-term impacts of pesticide exposure on bee physiology.
Impacts of climate change on solitary bees. Although climate warming has been linked to dramatic declines in some bee populations, we have limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying these trends. I am interested in the effects of climate warming on plant and bee phenology, as well as the impacts of extreme climate events, like heatwaves, on bee development and survival. Current research includes investigating the impacts of heatwaves on early bee development across multiple populations, as well as identifying molecular mechanisms associated with heat stress and resilience in bees.
See my publications below, and check out this video to learn more about my study bees.
Siviter, H., DeVore, J., Gray, L.K., Ivers, N.A., Lopez, E.A., Riddington, I.M., Stuligross, C., Jha, S., and Muth, F. 2024. A novel pesticide has lethal consequences for an important pollinator. Science of the Total Environment 952: 175935.
Melone, G.G., Stuligross, C., and Williams, N.M. 2024. Heatwaves increase larval mortality and delay development of a solitary bee. Ecological Entomology 49: 433-444.
Stuligross, C., Melone, G.G., Wang, L., and Williams, N.M. 2023. Sublethal behavioral impacts of resource limitation and insecticide exposure reinforce negative fitness outcomes for a solitary bee. Science of the Total Environment 867: 161392.
Rundlöf, M.,* Stuligross, C.,* Lindh, A., Malfi, R.L., Burns, K., Cibotti, S., Mola, J.M., and Williams, N.M. 2022. Flower plantings support wild bee reproduction and may also mitigate pesticide exposure effects. Journal of Applied Ecology 59: 2117-2127. (* = co-first authors)
Stuligross, C. and Williams, N.M. 2021. Past insecticide exposure reduces bee reproduction and population growth rate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118: e2109909118.
Page, M.L., Nicholson, C.C., Brennan, R.M., Britzman, A.T., Greer, J., Hemberger, J., Kahl, H., Müller, U., Peng, Y., Rosenberger, N.M., Stuligross, C., Wang, L., Yang, L.H., and Williams, N.M. 2021. A meta-analysis of single visit pollination effectiveness comparing honeybees and other floral visitors. American Journal of Botany 108: 1-12.
Mola, J.M., Stuligross, C., Page, M.L., Rutkowski, D., and Williams, N.M. 2021. Impact of “non-lethal” tarsal clipping on bumble bees (Bombus vosnesenskii) may depend on queen stage and worker size. Journal of Insect Conservation 25: 195–201.
Stuligross, C. and Williams, N.M. 2020. Pesticide and resource stressors additively impair wild bee reproduction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287: 20201390.
LoPresti, E.F., Goidell, J., Mola, J.M., Page, M.L., Specht, C.D., Stuligross, C., Weber, M.G., Williams, N.M., and Karban, R. 2020. The lever action hypothesis for pendulous hummingbird flowers; experimental evidence from a columbine. Annals of Botany 125: 59-65.
Williams, N.M., Mola, J.M., Stuligross, C., Harrison, T., Page, M.L., Brennan, R.M., Rosenberger, N.M., and Rundlöf, M. 2019. Fantastic bees and where to find them: locating the cryptic overwintering queens for a western bumble bee. Ecosphere 10: e02949.
Malfi, R.L., Walter, J.A., Roulston, T.H., Stuligross, C., McIntosh, S., and Bauer, L. 2018. The influence of conopid flies on bumblebee colony productivity under different food resource conditions. Ecological Monographs 88: 653-671.
Kanaski, A.M.,* Stuligross, C.,* Pareja, J. and Tori, W. 2012. Long-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis). Birds of the World (T.S. Schulenberg, editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. (* = co-first authors)